Özet
Ismail Gasprinski’s political views developed within the Jadidism movement among Russian Muslims. In the 19th century, colonialism harmed Muslim economies, but it also led to the emergence of a new elite in social and political spheres. Gasprinski started Jadidism by establishing the first usul-i jadid school in Crimea in 1884. His goal was to modernize Muslims through education, women’s rights, and political reform. His experiences in Europe and Istanbul helped him blend Eastern and Western cultures, creating a reformist vision. Published in 1881, Muslims in Russia (Russkoe Musul’manstvo) formed the basis of Gasprinski’s political ideas. It criticized Russification policies and suggested reforms, including native-language education, equal citizenship, and press freedom. Yusuf Akçura called it a manifesto for Turkish nationalism. Gasprinski shared these concepts in the Tercüman newspaper, addressing social issues like women’s rights in utopian novels. After the 1905 Manifesto, as political freedoms grew, he tried to turn Tercüman into a political platform, opposing Abdurreşid İbrahimov’s calls for regional autonomy and supporting national-cultural autonomy instead. By 1908, Gasprinski fully took on a political role, pushing for Muslim rights despite his health issues. His liberal views faced backlash from a more radical younger generation. However, Tsarist restrictions in 1908, which banned Muslim publications and exiled individuals like Akçura and İbrahimov, confirmed his cautious approach. Tercüman and usul-i jadid solidified Gasprinski’s importance among Russian Muslims. His political views, which balanced modernization with cultural preservation, left a lasting impact, steering Jadidism toward enlightenment and political involvement.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Rusya, Müslümanlar, siyaset, Gaspıralı, Ceditçilik.
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